What is the best available transportation to get the Takayama and to Shirakawa-go?Normally you can find the fastest route by using hyperdia. But this is an exception. Shirakawa-go has no train station so you must go from Takayama, Kanazawa or Toyama. From Kawaguchiko, Takayama should be the best option. However, there are at least three routes to go from Kawaguchiko to Takayama.
By train only. Hyperdia shows this route.
https://goo.gl/BvU8W0It takes about 400 min or 6.5 hrs. If you start at 7:48, you will arrive at 14:31 (Takayama)
Bus to Mishima and then shinkansen to Nagoya and then limited express train to Takayama.
Bus to Mishima
http://www.fujikyu.co.jp/citybus/highwaybus/kawaguchiko.htmlKawaguchiko 9:20 10:58 Mishima station north
https://goo.gl/YqVk9nIf you start at 9:20 you will arrive at 17:10, well too late.
The last option is take train to Matsumoto and then bus to Takayama.
https://goo.gl/k6630bKawaguchiko 7:18 10:23 Matsumoto
Bus from Matsumoto to Takayama
https://www.nouhibus.co.jp/english/highwaybus/matsumoto.pdfMatsumoto 11:05 13:30 Takayama.
Therefore, the fastest and earliest is train to Matsumoto and then bus to Takayama.
Takayama to Shirakawa-go is by bus.
https://www.nouhibus.co.jp/english/highwaybus/shirakawago.pdfTakayama 13:50 14:57 Shirakawa-go
From Kawaguchiko it takes about 7.5 hrs.
Do you think it is too rush?Yes. If you stay in Shirakawago without seeing Matsumoto and Takayama, it will be OK. If you want to see Shirakawago and then going back to Takayama on the same day, it is almost impossible, I think. You might better consider stopover at Matsumoto and Takayama.