1) typically no, only Yen or credit cards are accepted in Japan. And almost always Yen! This cash-crazy country will make you wish you had a bigger wallet to carry all of the cash needed.... Try to have on hand at least $100 USD equivalent at all times! ($200-500 is better...)
2) big cities and big restauratns/shops, you can usually get away with using a credit card (Visa or Mastercard preferably - anything else is begging for trouble) + your passport. Keep in mind that they may have to call the card company for verification on big purchases (eg. electronics) to prevent theft and card misuse. Most major hotels and ryokans will have credit card services, but WATCH OUT!!! - ryokans do vary and some are big, but work on a cash only basis! Those outside big cities in travel areas (eg. Nikko, Odawara, etc) may be all cash even though they're a travel destination! (Yep, I had a nice long walk to the ATM upon visiting one place I was to check into that was cash only.)
3) Trains, trains, trains. Just bring cash and stop asking about credit! You'll drive the locals nuts.
4) taxis - ditto. yes, big cities they'll often take credit, but try not to make them work overtime. just bring cash.
5) most restaurants for ramen, yakis, etc. - just bring cash. (If you do a moderate to expensive sushi restaurant, bring lots of cash =P )
6) Best place to change for convenience - Narita airport after you exit customs and get into the main building. Usually two shops open, decent rates without having to hunt around a lot, and quick. They only exchange BILLS, no COINS! After that, it's super easy to hunt down any Post Office, where you can get cash using your ATM/DEBIT card + PIN number to withdrawl directly from your bank account (works for sure at the Tokyo Station huge Post Office right outside for Bank of America USA checking accounts). Also, in Tokyo Station Underground mall, there are ATM terminals on the Yaseu side where you can withdrawl cash using debit cards as well (in case the Tokyo Post Office ATMs are down, which I've experienced as well).
The idea here is that you will want to convert as much as as you'll need for the trip, or at least a few days, so that you won't have to be hunting for ATMs all the time.
If you go into the trip areas like Nikko, do bring $100-200 USD of converted cash at the minimum! (any less and you may find that you've spent it all on transportation and nothing left to eat or get back with)
ATMs outside big cities will usually not work with your card, so watch out! Yep, even Visa/Debit withdrawls don't work at 7-11 stores outside Tokyo in the middle of nowhere - they simply aren't connected to outside-Japan accounts.
Most ATMs will have hours of operation, so don't get caught trying to pull money out in the middle of the night! (A few, like the Tokyo Station + Post Office outside ones are okay for longer hours at night.)
Bigger hotels will usually have conversion capabilities at the front desk, smaller ones won't.
7) Of course, best is to start the search at home to see if any local exchange place will give you a great rate for money exchange. That way, you can start off by having Yen and not worry about spending time converting it at Narita. Minimum I'd carry in would be $200 USD equivalent since the NEX or other transportation into Tokyo/etc. will cost you up to $50 USD (and you'll need some more for food, first day's hotel stay, etc.).
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