Jo,
Surprizingly no one has mentioned this so far, but waste policies differ depending on the municipal. So as suggested, the best thing you can do is to discuss this with your local ward office or city hall.
That said, in Yokohama where I live, there is no "dump," so obviously residents can't just "drive" to get rid of waste. Here in our city, typically, a truck comes to pick the waste you booked for. You can request your waste to be "recycled" and sold at one of the "recycle centers" run by our city, but according to my experience, the most useable things get torn into pieces by the truck drivers, right in front of your house. Then I suppose the smashed stuff will be driven to the huge, deep incinerator that is off-limits to citizens (because you don't wanna fall into it anyway). And then the rare ones get driven to the recycle centers where craftsmen do some maintanance, and then a bid is done on a certain date.
Now, if people come driving and bringing their stuff one after another, the recycle center will be packed (that's probably one of the main reasons why stuff gets smashed right in front of you). So what you're booking on the phone is a date to allow drivers to come, people to smash, craftsmen to maintain, and bidding to be done. And the sticker fees are used to cover all these expenses.
Like I've said, this is how Yokohama currently does it and I don't know if it's the same in your city. But generally speaking, it's done quite similarly.
So here is my suggestion. First of all, call or visit your favorite private recycle shop and have them come over and pick up all they can. If you're lucky they will even pay you.
Then for the things left over, place an ad on the Classified section of this very japan-guide.com site. A bunch of foreign residents view this every day, many on their way to Japan. I've gotten rid of a couple of furnitures here myself.
While you're at it, you can ask the landlord to see if you can place an ad outside your apartment or deliver flyiers so that neighbors who are interested can come to pick things up. I once had an oven that even the city wouldn't pick up (!), but the only American in the neighborhood was more than happy to take it home.
And THEN you can phone the city and buy stickers to book for bulk waste. I don't know how huge your apartment is, but it shouldn't take hours to make the call and buy the stickers at a combini.
As for private waste collectors that come around with a microphone on their truck, our city encourages residents not to deal with them, as many trick you and charge you more than you should pay, or they would just dump things elsewhere illegally.
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