Interesting. As far as I know, the Japanese tend to be "amazed by the good table manners" that the foreign children have. But I think that there are fair shares of good-mannered children and bad-mannered children in any country.
I don't think there are any tendencies about what "Japanese" parents tend to do in general when it comes to teaching manners. Procedures and ways of thoughts tend to change depending on the generation too, and even depending on the neighborhood.
Well, I've had numerous problems with my now-grown child, but table manners were among the ones I had few problems with. When dining out, I let him be excused from the table as soon as he got tired. Of course, letting toddlers be excused means that a parent needs to be excused with him. Same thing with public transporation. Whenever he started crying, it was getting off at whatever the next stop was. So riding trains was like playing Monopoli: You start all over again whenever you land on a bad spot. I didn't do it as punishment though.
I also made sort of a rule that he can bring one little noise-less toy to a restaurant. I let him play with that only until someone's meal came. Inviting another toddler (quiet) friend (with his/her parent) was helpful too.
I know you're a parent too, so I'm sure you're aware that there are children who cannot sit still no matter how well you educate them. That said, I have seen a looooot of parents in Japan who willingly let their child spread a whole bag of toys on a restaurant table, or parents who say nothing to a child running around, or parents who never tries to take their crying child outside, so I think they could've improved the children's manners a little bit more.
When my child was about 3, the local midwife told us a very good thing at our regular childcare circle meeting. She said that you shouldn't scold a child for something (s)he is too young to handle, but you should keep informing the child.
So whenever my child did something wrong, I kept telling him that that is wrong and suggested an alternative, but I tried not to be angry at him for what he cannot do "yet." For example, a 2 year old cannot sit still for hours yet, so you need to take him out after a while.
I also remember many people (including celebrity moms on childcare magazines) that it's difficult for a child to stop something (s)he is so engaged in. So you need to give a warning like "We're leaving in 10 minutes, so be ready." and then "Okay, now it's 3 more minutes." and so on.
I don't think that all the things I've done were successful. In fact, I owe it to the many strangers who were nice enough to share their thoughts against my child's behavior, softly and sometimes harshly. And strangers were always nice to us too, assisting us and saying that the child is cute or that I am pretty or whatever. Now I'm 53, so I try to be one of those strangers.
I'm sure that all these things are universal to a certain extent. The only unique thing about Japan may be that the system is made so that children can be assisted by the society. For example, the municipals provide regular health check-ups where you can also get advise on childcare, there are non-profit circles (I even founded a couple of them myself. It's easy.), public announcements, private-run magazines and now the internet. The thing is that it's also easy to avoid them, so if I notice young parents having problems with noone to turn to, I tell them to contact their city hall. But again, I'm sure most countries have something similar.
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